However, those letters were used before 1911 (see the article on spelling reform in Portugal). In Brazil, the Orthographic Agreement went into legal effect from Januin Portugal, from in Cabo Verde, from October 1, 2009. The letters K, W and Y will be included in the alphabet used in East Timor, Macau, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe, when the 1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement comes into legal effect. Used only in foreign words, personal names, and hybrid words derived from them. ^ The letters K (called capa /ˈkapɐ/ in EP or cá /ka/ in BP), W (EP: dâblio /ˈdɐbliu/ or duplo vê /ˈduplu ˌve/, BP: dáblio /ˈdabliu/), and Y (EP: ípsilon /ˈipsɨlɔn/ or i grego /ˌi ˈgrɛgu/, BP: ípsilon /ˈipsilõ/) were not part of the official alphabet before 2009.^ Silent at the start or at the end of a word.^ The letters f, j, l, m, n, r and s are sometimes named differently in the northwest region of Brazil: fê, ji, lê, mê, nê, rê, sê.Words such as bóia and proa are pronounced and. ^ May become an approximant as a form of vowel reduction when unstressed before or after another vowel.^ Allophonically affricated before the sound /i/ (spelled i, or sometimes e), in BP.^ /k/ can be realized in Mozambique as, mostly before a final e-caduc or reduced /o/. In other intervocalic schemes can be realized also as of European variety. In Mozambique an intervocalic /d/ can be realized as or, mostly before a final e-caduc or reduced /o/. ^ The letters b, d, g can denote, , and in intervocalic positions, especially in northern and central Portugal.Problems playing this file? See media help. Sounds separated by "~" are allophones or dialectal variants. For letters with more than one common pronunciation, their most common phonetic values are given on the left side of the semicolon sounds after it occur only in a limited number of positions within a word. For the letter r, "at the start of a syllable (not between vowels)" means "at the beginning of a word or after l, n, s, or a prefix ending in a consonant". In the following table and in the remainder of this article, the phrase "at the end of a syllable" can be understood as "before a consonant, or at the end of a word". Knowing the main inflectional paradigms of Portuguese can help. Since only five letters are available to write the fourteen vowel sounds of Portuguese, vowels have a more complex orthography, but even then, pronunciation is somewhat predictable. Only the consonants r, s, x, z, the digraphs ch, lh, nh, rr, and the vowels may require special attention from English speakers.Īlthough many letters have more than one pronunciation, their phonetic value is often predictable from their position within a word that is normally the case for the consonants (except x). Apart from those variations, the pronunciation of most consonants is fairly straightforward. Portuguese is a pluricentric language, and pronunciation of some of the letters differs. Only the most frequent sounds appear below since a listing of all cases and exceptions would become cumbersome. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This article addresses the less trivial details of the spelling of Portuguese as well as other issues of orthography, such as accentuation. Knowing the main inflectional paradigms of Portuguese and being acquainted with the orthography of other Western European languages can be helpful.Ī full list of sounds, diphthongs, and their main spellings is given at Portuguese phonology. In ambiguous cases, the correct spelling is determined through a combination of etymology with morphology and tradition so there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters or digraphs. The spelling of Portuguese is largely phonemic, but some phonemes can be spelled in more than one way. Accented letters and digraphs are not counted as separate characters for collation purposes. The diaeresis was abolished by the last Orthography Agreement. Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes. Typewritten text in Portuguese note the acute accent, tilde, and circumflex accent.
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